Kufotokozera ndi Kusanthula kwa Valavu Yoyandama ya Mpira Yoyendetsedwa ndi Manual

Chiyambi: Kavalo Wogwira Ntchito wa Machitidwe Amakono a Mapaipi

Mu dziko lalikulu komanso lovuta la kayendetsedwe ka madzi m'mafakitale, pali zinthu zochepa zomwe zili paliponse komanso zofunika kwambiri mongaValavu ya MpiraPakati pawo, valavu yoyandama yamanja imadziwika ngati yankho lofunikira komanso lodalirika kwambiri pa ntchito yoyatsa/kuzima. Kuyambira pomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma 1950, mtundu uwu wa valavu wasanduka gulu lalikulu, lodziwika bwino chifukwa cha kuphweka kwake, kugwira ntchito bwino, komanso kusinthasintha kwake. Imagwira ntchito potembenuza chogwirira kapena gudumu lamanja kotala, imapereka chizindikiro chowonekera bwino cha momwe ilili - yotseguka kapena yotsekedwa. Buku lofotokozerali lathunthu limafufuza mozama za valavu yoyandama yamanja, ndikuwunika momwe imagwirira ntchito mkati mwake, zida zake, zabwino zake, ntchito zake, ndi njira zofunika kwambiri zosankhira kuti zikuthandizeni kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake ikadali chisankho chomwe chimakondedwa ndi mainjiniya m'mafakitale ambiri.

Mutu 1: Kumvetsetsa Kapangidwe Koyambira ndi Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito

1.1 Kodi Valavu ya Mpira Yoyandama ndi Chiyani?

Buku lophunzitsiraVavu Yoyandama ya Mpirandi mtundu wa valavu yozungulira kotala yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mpira wopanda kanthu, wobowoka, komanso wozungulira kuti ilamulire kuyenda kwa madzi kudzera mmenemo. Kapangidwe ka "kuyandama" ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chosiyanitsa. Mu kapangidwe kameneka, mpirawo suli wokhazikika pa tsinde. M'malo mwake, umayandama pang'ono pakati pa mphete ziwiri zosinthasintha.

1.2 Njira Yoyendera "Pamadzi": Kuyang'anitsitsa

Mphamvu ya kutseka kwake ili mu ntchito yoyandama iyi. Nayi njira yofotokozera pang'onopang'ono za makinawo:

1. Mu Malo Otseguka:Pamene gudumu lamanja kapena lever ikutembenuzidwa kuti itsegule valavu, dzenje (bowo) la mpira limagwirizana bwino ndi malo olowera ndi otulukira a valavu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda bwino komanso molunjika, zomwe zimachepetsa kutsika kwa mphamvu.

2. Kuyambitsa Kutseka:Pamene woyendetsa akuyamba kutseka valavu (nthawi zambiri imazungulira madigiri 90), tsinde limazungulira mpirawo kotero kuti borelo limakhala lolunjika ku njira yoyendera.

3. Ntchito Yotseka:Pamapeto pake, mphete ya mpando yomwe ili pansi pa msewu imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Kupanikizika kwa cholumikiziracho kumakankhira mpirawo pang'ono pansi pa msewu motsutsana ndi mphete ya mpando. Kupanikizika kumeneku, kuphatikiza ndi kusinthasintha kwa zinthu za mpando (monga PTFE), kumapanga chisindikizo cholimba, cholimba ngati thovu. Kupanikizika kwa dongosolo kukakhala kwakukulu, mphamvu yokankhira mpirawo motsutsana ndi mpando imakula, motero kumawonjezera chisindikizocho. Ichi chimadziwika kuti chisindikizo "chothandizidwa ndi kupanikizika".

1.3 Kapangidwe ka Tsinde la Valavu: Kodalirika komanso Kopanda Kutuluka kwa Madzi

Tsinde la valavu yoyandama ya mpira lapangidwa kuti likhale lodalirika. Lili ndi gawo lopangidwa bwino lomwe limalowa m'malo mwa mpirawo. Chofunika kwambiri, tsinde ili lapangidwa kuti lizingogwira ntchitozungulirandipo sichimasuntha mmwamba ndi pansi. Kapangidwe kameneka kamachotsa kuyenda kwa axial komwe kungawononge msanga tsinde. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe ka "reverse seal" nthawi zambiri kamayikidwa pansi pa tsinde, komwe kupanikizika kwapakati kumawonjezera kukanikiza chitseko, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutuluka kwa tsinde kusakhale koyenera.

Mutu 2: Zigawo Zofunika ndi Kusankha Zinthu

Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ndi moyo wautali wa valavu yoyandama yamanja zimatsimikiziridwa mwachindunji ndi zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.

2.1 Mpira: Mtima wa Valavu

• Zipangizo:Mipira nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zolimba monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha AISI 304 kapena 316 kuti chiteteze dzimbiri. Pa ntchito zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, mkuwa wopangidwa ndi chrome kapena chitsulo cha carbon chingagwiritsidwe ntchito.

• Kumaliza Pamwamba:Mpirawu nthawi zambiri umakhala wokutidwa ndi chrome kapena wolimba kuti ukhale wosalala, wolimba, komanso wosagwedezeka kwambiri, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti mipando ikhale yayitali.

2.2 Mipando: Chinsinsi cha Chisindikizo Cholimba Ngati Buluu

Mphete za mipando mwina ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri potseka. Ma valve amakono amagwiritsa ntchito ma polima osiyanasiyana apamwamba:

• PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene):Muyezo wagolide wa ntchito zambiri. Umapereka kukana kwapadera kwa mankhwala, kusagwirizana kochepa kwambiri, ndipo ukhoza kukhala ndi chisindikizo cholimba ngati thovu. Mitundu monga Reinforced PTFE (RPTFE) imapereka mphamvu yabwino ya makina komanso kukana kugwedezeka.

• Nayiloni ndi DEVLON:Zipangizozi zimakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yolimbana ndi kusweka kwa zinthu komanso mphamvu ya makina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito matope kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono tolimba.

• PEEK (Polyether Ether Ketone):Pulasitiki yopangidwa mwaukadaulo yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe imatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri komanso mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zovuta kwambiri.

2.3 Tsinde: Kutumiza Mphamvu

Ma tsinde nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (monga 17-4PH) chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwake mphamvu ndi kukana dzimbiri. Kumaliza bwino pamwamba ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zisindikizo za tsinde zisawonongeke.

2.4 Thupi: Kapangidwe ka Kapangidwe kake

Zipangizo za thupi zimasankhidwa kutengera kuthamanga, kutentha, ndi kuwononga kwa sing'anga.

• Zipangizo Zodziwika:Chitsulo cha Carbon (WCB), Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri (CF8/304, CF8M/316), Mkuwa, ndi Zitsulo Zosapanga Dzimbiri za Duplex za malo okhala ndi chloride yambiri.

• Malumikizano Omaliza:Ma valve amabwera ndi ulusi (NPT, BSP), flanged (ANSI, DIN), kapena socket weld ends kuti agwirizane ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za mapaipi.

Mutu 3: Ubwino ndi Zofooka za Kapangidwe ka Mpira Woyandama

3.1 Ubwino: N’chifukwa Chiyani Muyenera Kusankha Valavu Yoyandama?

• Chisindikizo Chabwino Kwambiri:Imapereka kutseka kodalirika komanso kolimba, komwe ndikofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo ndi kukhulupirika kwa njira.

• Kapangidwe Kakang'ono Komanso Kosavuta:Kapangidwe kake kosavuta kamapangitsa kuti ikhale yopepuka, yotsika mtengo, komanso yosavuta kuyiyika ndi kuyisamalira.

• Ntchito Yachangu:Kutembenuka kosavuta kwa madigiri 90 kumalola kutsegula ndi kutseka mwachangu.

• Mphamvu Yochepa ndi Ntchito Yosavuta:Makhalidwe odzipaka okha a mipando ya PTFE amatsimikizira kuti ikugwira ntchito bwino popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri pamanja.

• Mphamvu za Madoko Ambiri:Ngakhale ma valve a zidutswa ziwiri ndi ofala, mapangidwe a zidutswa zitatu ndi makonzedwe a njira zitatu (L-port, T-port) amapereka kusinthasintha kosinthira kapena kusakaniza kayendedwe ka madzi.

• Kusamalira Kochepa:Popanda njira zovuta zamkati komanso kutseka tsinde mwamphamvu, ma valve awa safuna chisamaliro chokwanira.

• Njira Yodzaza Zonse:Imapereka njira yoyendera popanda choletsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya mpweya itsike kwambiri, yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito madzi okhuthala kapena ntchito zokopa.

3.2 Zoletsa: Nthawi Yoganizira Njira Zina

• Zoletsa za Kupanikizika ndi Kukula:Kapangidwe koyandama kamatanthauza kuti mpirawo wapachikidwa ndi mipando. Pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kapena zazikulu (monga, pamwamba pa 16" Class 150), mphamvu pa mipandoyo zimatha kukhala zochulukirapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yogwirira ntchito ikhale yokwera komanso kuwonongeka kwa mipando. Pazochitika izi, avalavu ya mpira yokwezedwa ndi trunnionndi chinthu chomwe chimakondedwa.

• Ntchito Yokhayo Yoyatsa/Kuzimitsa:Ma valve oyandama a mpira wamba sanapangidwe kuti aziwongolera bwino kayendedwe ka madzi kapena kupopera madzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma valvewa pa nthawi yayitali kungayambitse kupweteka kwa minofu, kukokoloka kwa nthaka, komanso kuwonongeka kwa mipando msanga. Pa ntchito zowongolera, aValavu ya mpira wa V-notchndiye chisankho cholondola.

Mutu 4: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafakitale M'magawo Onse

Kusinthasintha kwa valavu yoyandama yamanja kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera mafakitale osiyanasiyana:

• Mafuta ndi Gasi:Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo otsetsereka ndi apakati pa mafuta osakonzedwa, gasi wamafuta, ndi mitsinje yamadzi pomwe pakufunika kutsekedwa mwamphamvu.

• Mankhwala ndi Petrochemical:Imasamalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma acid, alkali, ndi zosungunulira, chifukwa cha kukana kwa mankhwala kwa PTFE ndi kapangidwe ka chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

• Madzi ndi Madzi Otayira:Ndi yabwino kwambiri pogawa madzi akumwa, malo oyeretsera madzi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi otayira chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri komanso kuthekera kwawo kudzaza mabowo.

• Kupanga Mphamvu:Amapezeka m'makina ozizira amadzi, m'mizere yamadzi odyetsa, komanso m'mafakitale amakono komanso a nyukiliya.

• Mankhwala ndi Chakudya ndi Zakumwa:Mapangidwe aukhondo okhala ndi zotsukira mkati komanso kutsatira miyezo ya FDA/USP Class VI amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza madzi a ukhondo.

• HVAC:Amagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa madzi kuti azitha kudzipatula.

Mutu 5: Buku Lotsogolera Kusankha: Momwe Mungasankhire Valavu Yoyenera

Kusankha valavu yoyenera yoyandama pamanja ndikofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito bwino komanso chitetezo cha makina. Ganizirani izi:

1. Pakati:Kodi ndi madzi otani omwe akuwongoleredwa? Taganizirani kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, kutentha kwake, komanso ngati ali ndi zinthu zofooketsa kapena zolimba.

2. Kuyeza kwa Kupanikizika ndi Kutentha:Onetsetsani kuti kalasi ya kuthamanga kwa valavu (monga ANSI 150, 300) ndi kutentha kwake zikugwirizana ndi momwe makina anu amagwirira ntchito.

3. Kugwirizana kwa Zinthu:Lumikizani thupi, mpira, mpando, ndi zinthu zoyambira ndi zinthu zina kuti mupewe dzimbiri ndi kuwonongeka.

4. Kulumikiza Komaliza:Sankhani ulusi (NPT/BSP), ma flange, kapena socket weld kutengera makina anu opachikira mapaipi.

5. Mtundu wa Bore:

   • Doko Lonse (Lodzaza Lonse):Chitoliro cha bore chikugwirizana ndi chizindikiritso cha chitoliro. Gwiritsani ntchito pa ntchito zomwe zili ndi kutsika kochepa kwa mphamvu, madzi okhuthala, kapena komwe kukufunika kupopera mapaipi.

   • Doko Lochepetsedwa (Bore Lochepetsedwa):Bowolo ndi laling'ono kuposa chizindikiritso cha chitoliro. Iyi ndi njira yotsika mtengo komanso yaying'ono yogwiritsira ntchito pazinthu wamba pomwe kutsika pang'ono kwa mphamvu ndikovomerezeka.

6. Kapangidwe Kotetezeka Pamoto:Pa ntchito zomwe zili ndi chiopsezo cha moto, tchulani ma valve omwe akutsatira miyezo ya API 607/API 6FA, yomwe imatsimikizira kuti valavuyo ikhoza kusunga chisindikizo ngakhale mipando yofewa itawonongedwa ndi moto.

7. Kapangidwe Kosasinthika:Pofuna kupewa kusonkhana kwa magetsi osasinthasintha kuchokera ku kayendedwe ka ma hydrocarbon, ma valve amatha kukhala ndi makina osinthira magetsi omwe amatsimikizira kuti magetsi akuyenda bwino pakati pa mpira, tsinde, ndi thupi.

Mutu 6: Njira Zabwino Zokhazikitsira, Kugwiritsa Ntchito, ndi Kusamalira

• Kukhazikitsa:Ngakhale ma valve awa nthawi zambiri amakhala mbali ziwiri, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwayika ndi tsinde lolunjika. Kuyika ndi tsinde lolunjika, makamaka zazikulu, kungapangitse katundu wosagwirizana pa tsinde ndi mipando. Onetsetsani kuti payipiyo ndi yoyera musanayike kuti mupewe kuwonongeka ndi zinyalala.

• Ntchito:Gwiritsani ntchito valavu bwino ndipo musagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Vavu iyenera kukhala yotseguka kwathunthu kapena yotsekedwa kwathunthu. Pewani kuigwiritsa ntchito ngati valavu yowongolera.

• Kukonza:Kapangidwe ka thupi la magawo atatu ndi ubwino waukulu apa. Kumalola kuti zichotsedwe mosavuta mu payipi kuti ziwunikidwe kapena kusinthidwa mipando popanda kusokoneza ntchito ya mapaipi, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri nthawi yokonza.

Mapeto

 

Valavu ya mpira woyandama ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yaukadaulo wothandiza. Mfundo yake yosavuta koma yothandiza kwambiri ya mpira woyandama, pamodzi ndi sayansi yapamwamba ya zinthu, yakhazikitsa malo ake ngati maziko a machitidwe owongolera madzi padziko lonse lapansi. Pomvetsetsa kapangidwe kake, ubwino, zofooka, ndi malangizo oyenera ogwiritsira ntchito, mainjiniya ndi akatswiri amatha kupanga zisankho zodziwikiratu zomwe zimatsimikizira kudalirika kwa makina, chitetezo, komanso magwiridwe antchito kwa zaka zikubwerazi. Kaya ndi fakitale ya mankhwala, malo oyeretsera madzi, kapena nsanja yakunja kwa nyanja, valavu yosinthika iyi ikupitilizabe kutsimikizira kuti ndi yankho lodalirika komanso lothandiza pantchito zofunika kwambiri zodzipatula.

Buku Lonse la Ma Valves a Mpira Oyandama Pamanja: Kapangidwe, Mapulogalamu, ndi Kusankha

Chiyambi: Kavalo Wogwira Ntchito wa Machitidwe Amakono a Mapaipi

Mu dziko lalikulu komanso lovuta la kayendetsedwe ka madzi m'mafakitale, pali zinthu zochepa zomwe zili paliponse komanso zofunika kwambiri monga valavu ya mpira. Pakati pawo, valavu ya mpira yoyandama yamanja imadziwika ngati yankho lofunikira komanso lodalirika kwambiri pa ntchito yoyatsa/kuzima. Kuyambira pomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma 1950, mtundu uwu wa valavu wasanduka gulu lalikulu, lodziwika bwino chifukwa cha kuphweka kwake, kugwira ntchito bwino, komanso kusinthasintha kwake. Kugwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito kotala la chogwirira kapena gudumu lamanja, kumapereka chizindikiro chowonekera bwino cha momwe ilili - yotseguka kapena yotsekedwa. Buku lothandizirali lathunthu limafufuza mozama za valavu ya mpira yoyandama yamanja, kufufuza momwe imagwirira ntchito mkati mwake, zida zake, zabwino zake, ntchito zake, ndi njira zofunika kwambiri kuti zikuthandizeni kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake ikadali chisankho chomwe chimakondedwa ndi mainjiniya m'mafakitale ambiri.

Mutu 1: Kumvetsetsa Kapangidwe Koyambira ndi Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito

1.1 Kodi Valavu ya Mpira Yoyandama ndi Chiyani?
Valavu yoyandama yamanja ndi mtundu wa valavu yozungulira kotala yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mpira wopanda kanthu, wobowoka, komanso wozungulira kuti ilamulire kuyenda kwa madzi kudzera mmenemo. Kapangidwe ka "kuyandama" ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chosiyanitsa. Mu kapangidwe kameneka, mpirawo suli wokhazikika pa tsinde. M'malo mwake, umayandama pang'ono pakati pa mphete ziwiri zosinthika.

1.2 Njira Yoyendera "Pamadzi": Kuyang'anitsitsa
Mphamvu ya kutseka kwake ili mu ntchito yoyandama iyi. Nayi njira yofotokozera pang'onopang'ono za makinawo:

1. Mu Malo Otseguka:Pamene gudumu lamanja kapena lever ikutembenuzidwa kuti itsegule valavu, dzenje (bowo) la mpira limagwirizana bwino ndi malo olowera ndi otulukira a valavu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda bwino komanso molunjika, zomwe zimachepetsa kutsika kwa mphamvu.

2. Kuyambitsa Kutseka:Pamene woyendetsa akuyamba kutseka valavu (nthawi zambiri imazungulira madigiri 90), tsinde limazungulira mpirawo kotero kuti borelo limakhala lolunjika ku njira yoyendera.

3. Ntchito Yotseka:Pamapeto pake, mphete ya mpando yomwe ili pansi pa msewu imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Kupanikizika kwa cholumikiziracho kumakankhira mpirawo pang'ono pansi pa msewu motsutsana ndi mphete ya mpando. Kupanikizika kumeneku, kuphatikiza ndi kusinthasintha kwa zinthu za mpando (monga PTFE), kumapanga chisindikizo cholimba, cholimba ngati thovu. Kupanikizika kwa dongosolo kukakhala kwakukulu, mphamvu yokankhira mpirawo motsutsana ndi mpando imakula, motero kumawonjezera chisindikizocho. Ichi chimadziwika kuti chisindikizo "chothandizidwa ndi kupanikizika".

1.3 Kapangidwe ka Tsinde la Valavu: Kodalirika komanso Kopanda Kutuluka kwa Madzi
Tsinde la valavu yoyandama ya mpira lapangidwa kuti likhale lodalirika. Lili ndi gawo lopangidwa bwino lomwe limalowa m'malo mwa mpirawo. Chofunika kwambiri, tsinde ili lapangidwa kuti lizingogwira ntchitozungulirandipo sichimasuntha mmwamba ndi pansi. Kapangidwe kameneka kamachotsa kuyenda kwa axial komwe kungawononge msanga tsinde. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe ka "reverse seal" nthawi zambiri kamayikidwa pansi pa tsinde, komwe kupanikizika kwapakati kumawonjezera kukanikiza chitseko, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutuluka kwa tsinde kusakhale koyenera.

Mutu 2: Zigawo Zofunika ndi Kusankha Zinthu

Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ndi moyo wautali wa valavu yoyandama yamanja zimatsimikiziridwa mwachindunji ndi zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.

2.1 Mpira: Mtima wa Valavu

• Zipangizo:Mipira nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zolimba monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha AISI 304 kapena 316 kuti chiteteze dzimbiri. Pa ntchito zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, mkuwa wopangidwa ndi chrome kapena chitsulo cha carbon chingagwiritsidwe ntchito.

• Kumaliza Pamwamba:Mpirawu nthawi zambiri umakhala wokutidwa ndi chrome kapena wolimba kuti ukhale wosalala, wolimba, komanso wosagwedezeka kwambiri, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti mipando ikhale yayitali.

2.2 Mipando: Chinsinsi cha Chisindikizo Cholimba Ngati Buluu
Mphete za mipando mwina ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri potseka. Ma valve amakono amagwiritsa ntchito ma polima osiyanasiyana apamwamba:

• PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene):Muyezo wagolide wa ntchito zambiri. Umapereka kukana kwapadera kwa mankhwala, kusagwirizana kochepa kwambiri, ndipo ukhoza kukhala ndi chisindikizo cholimba ngati thovu. Mitundu monga Reinforced PTFE (RPTFE) imapereka mphamvu yabwino ya makina komanso kukana kugwedezeka.

• Nayiloni ndi DEVLON:Zipangizozi zimakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yolimbana ndi kusweka kwa zinthu komanso mphamvu ya makina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito matope kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono tolimba.

• PEEK (Polyether Ether Ketone):Pulasitiki yopangidwa mwaukadaulo yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe imatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri komanso mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zovuta kwambiri.

2.3 Tsinde: Kutumiza Mphamvu
Ma tsinde nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (monga 17-4PH) chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwake mphamvu ndi kukana dzimbiri. Kumaliza bwino pamwamba ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zisindikizo za tsinde zisawonongeke.

2.4 Thupi: Kapangidwe ka Kapangidwe kake
Zipangizo za thupi zimasankhidwa kutengera kuthamanga, kutentha, ndi kuwononga kwa sing'anga.

• Zipangizo Zodziwika:Chitsulo cha Carbon (WCB), Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri (CF8/304, CF8M/316), Mkuwa, ndi Zitsulo Zosapanga Dzimbiri za Duplex za malo okhala ndi chloride yambiri.

• Malumikizano Omaliza:Ma valve amabwera ndi ulusi (NPT, BSP), flanged (ANSI, DIN), kapena socket weld ends kuti agwirizane ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za mapaipi.

Mutu 3: Ubwino ndi Zofooka za Kapangidwe ka Mpira Woyandama

3.1 Ubwino: N’chifukwa Chiyani Muyenera Kusankha Valavu Yoyandama?

• Chisindikizo Chabwino Kwambiri:Imapereka kutseka kodalirika komanso kolimba, komwe ndikofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo ndi kukhulupirika kwa njira.

• Kapangidwe Kakang'ono Komanso Kosavuta:Kapangidwe kake kosavuta kamapangitsa kuti ikhale yopepuka, yotsika mtengo, komanso yosavuta kuyiyika ndi kuyisamalira.

• Ntchito Yachangu:Kutembenuka kosavuta kwa madigiri 90 kumalola kutsegula ndi kutseka mwachangu.

• Mphamvu Yochepa ndi Ntchito Yosavuta:Makhalidwe odzipaka okha a mipando ya PTFE amatsimikizira kuti ikugwira ntchito bwino popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri pamanja.

• Mphamvu za Madoko Ambiri:Ngakhale ma valve a zidutswa ziwiri ndi ofala, mapangidwe a zidutswa zitatu ndi makonzedwe a njira zitatu (L-port, T-port) amapereka kusinthasintha kosinthira kapena kusakaniza kayendedwe ka madzi.

• Kusamalira Kochepa:Popanda njira zovuta zamkati komanso kutseka tsinde mwamphamvu, ma valve awa safuna chisamaliro chokwanira.

• Njira Yodzaza Zonse:Imapereka njira yoyendera popanda choletsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya mpweya itsike kwambiri, yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito madzi okhuthala kapena ntchito zokopa.

3.2 Zoletsa: Nthawi Yoganizira Njira Zina

• Zoletsa za Kupanikizika ndi Kukula:Kapangidwe koyandama kamatanthauza kuti mpirawo wapachikidwa ndi mipando. Pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kapena zazikulu (monga, pamwamba pa 16" Class 150), mphamvu pa mipandoyo zimatha kukhala zochulukirapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yogwirira ntchito ikhale yokwera komanso kuwonongeka kwa mipando. Pazochitika izi, avalavu ya mpira yokwezedwa ndi trunnionndi chinthu chomwe chimakondedwa.

• Ntchito Yokhayo Yoyatsa/Kuzimitsa:Ma valve oyandama a mpira wamba sanapangidwe kuti aziwongolera bwino kayendedwe ka madzi kapena kupopera madzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma valvewa pa nthawi yayitali kungayambitse kupweteka kwa minofu, kukokoloka kwa nthaka, komanso kuwonongeka kwa mipando msanga. Pa ntchito zowongolera, aValavu ya mpira wa V-notchndiye chisankho cholondola.

Mutu 4: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafakitale M'magawo Onse

Kusinthasintha kwa valavu yoyandama yamanja kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera mafakitale osiyanasiyana:

• Mafuta ndi Gasi:Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo otsetsereka ndi apakati pa mafuta osakonzedwa, gasi wamafuta, ndi mitsinje yamadzi pomwe pakufunika kutsekedwa mwamphamvu.

• Mankhwala ndi Petrochemical:Imasamalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma acid, alkali, ndi zosungunulira, chifukwa cha kukana kwa mankhwala kwa PTFE ndi kapangidwe ka chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

• Madzi ndi Madzi Otayira:Ndi yabwino kwambiri pogawa madzi akumwa, malo oyeretsera madzi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi otayira chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri komanso kuthekera kwawo kudzaza mabowo.

• Kupanga Mphamvu:Amapezeka m'makina ozizira amadzi, m'mizere yamadzi odyetsa, komanso m'mafakitale amakono komanso a nyukiliya.

• Mankhwala ndi Chakudya ndi Zakumwa:Mapangidwe aukhondo okhala ndi zotsukira mkati komanso kutsatira miyezo ya FDA/USP Class VI amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza madzi a ukhondo.

• HVAC:Amagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa madzi kuti azitha kudzipatula.

Mutu 5: Buku Lotsogolera Kusankha: Momwe Mungasankhire Valavu Yoyenera

Kusankha valavu yoyenera yoyandama pamanja ndikofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito bwino komanso chitetezo cha makina. Ganizirani izi:

1. Pakati:Kodi ndi madzi otani omwe akuwongoleredwa? Taganizirani kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, kutentha kwake, komanso ngati ali ndi zinthu zofooketsa kapena zolimba.

2. Kuyeza kwa Kupanikizika ndi Kutentha:Onetsetsani kuti kalasi ya kuthamanga kwa valavu (monga ANSI 150, 300) ndi kutentha kwake zikugwirizana ndi momwe makina anu amagwirira ntchito.

3. Kugwirizana kwa Zinthu:Lumikizani thupi, mpira, mpando, ndi zinthu zoyambira ndi zinthu zina kuti mupewe dzimbiri ndi kuwonongeka.

4. Kulumikiza Komaliza:Sankhani ulusi (NPT/BSP), ma flange, kapena socket weld kutengera makina anu opachikira mapaipi.

5. Mtundu wa Bore:

   • Doko Lonse (Lodzaza Lonse):Chitoliro cha bore chikugwirizana ndi chizindikiritso cha chitoliro. Gwiritsani ntchito pa ntchito zomwe zili ndi kutsika kochepa kwa mphamvu, madzi okhuthala, kapena komwe kukufunika kupopera mapaipi.

   • Doko Lochepetsedwa (Bore Lochepetsedwa):Bowolo ndi laling'ono kuposa chizindikiritso cha chitoliro. Iyi ndi njira yotsika mtengo komanso yaying'ono yogwiritsira ntchito pazinthu wamba pomwe kutsika pang'ono kwa mphamvu ndikovomerezeka.

6. Kapangidwe Kotetezeka Pamoto:Pa ntchito zomwe zili ndi chiopsezo cha moto, tchulani ma valve omwe akutsatira miyezo ya API 607/API 6FA, yomwe imatsimikizira kuti valavuyo ikhoza kusunga chisindikizo ngakhale mipando yofewa itawonongedwa ndi moto.

7. Kapangidwe Kosasinthika:Pofuna kupewa kusonkhana kwa magetsi osasinthasintha kuchokera ku kayendedwe ka ma hydrocarbon, ma valve amatha kukhala ndi makina osinthira magetsi omwe amatsimikizira kuti magetsi akuyenda bwino pakati pa mpira, tsinde, ndi thupi.

Mutu 6: Njira Zabwino Zokhazikitsira, Kugwiritsa Ntchito, ndi Kusamalira

• Kukhazikitsa:Ngakhale ma valve awa nthawi zambiri amakhala mbali ziwiri, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwayika ndi tsinde lolunjika. Kuyika ndi tsinde lolunjika, makamaka zazikulu, kungapangitse katundu wosagwirizana pa tsinde ndi mipando. Onetsetsani kuti payipiyo ndi yoyera musanayike kuti mupewe kuwonongeka ndi zinyalala.

• Ntchito:Gwiritsani ntchito valavu bwino ndipo musagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Vavu iyenera kukhala yotseguka kwathunthu kapena yotsekedwa kwathunthu. Pewani kuigwiritsa ntchito ngati valavu yowongolera.

• Kukonza:Kapangidwe ka thupi la magawo atatu ndi ubwino waukulu apa. Kumalola kuti zichotsedwe mosavuta mu payipi kuti ziwunikidwe kapena kusinthidwa mipando popanda kusokoneza ntchito ya mapaipi, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri nthawi yokonza.

Mapeto

Valavu ya mpira woyandama ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yaukadaulo wothandiza. Mfundo yake yosavuta koma yothandiza kwambiri ya mpira woyandama, pamodzi ndi sayansi yapamwamba ya zinthu, yakhazikitsa malo ake ngati maziko a machitidwe owongolera madzi padziko lonse lapansi. Pomvetsetsa kapangidwe kake, ubwino, zofooka, ndi malangizo oyenera ogwiritsira ntchito, mainjiniya ndi akatswiri amatha kupanga zisankho zodziwikiratu zomwe zimatsimikizira kudalirika kwa makina, chitetezo, komanso magwiridwe antchito kwa zaka zikubwerazi. Kaya ndi fakitale ya mankhwala, malo oyeretsera madzi, kapena nsanja yakunja kwa nyanja, valavu yosinthika iyi ikupitilizabe kutsimikizira kuti ndi yankho lodalirika komanso lothandiza pantchito zofunika kwambiri zodzipatula.